Compare and contrast the thermal capacity and transfer of solids, liquids, and gases

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

किसी पदार्थ की ऊष्मीय चालकता को प्रति इकाई तापमान अंतर के प्रति इकाई क्षेत्र की सामग्री की एक इकाई मोटाई के माध्यम से गर्मी हस्तांतरण की दर के रूप में परिभाषित किया गया है। किसी पदार्थ की ऊष्मीय चालकता इस बात का माप है कि उस पदार्थ में कितनी तीव्र ऊष्मा प्रवाहित होगी। थर्मल चालकता के लिए एक बड़ा मूल्य इंगित करता है कि सामग्री एक अच्छा गर्मी कंडक्टर है, और एक कम मूल्य इंगित करता है कि सामग्री एक खराब गर्मी कंडक्टर या इन्सुलेटर है। कमरे के तापमान पर शुद्ध तांबे की तापीय चालकता 401 W / m है। K, जो इंगित करता है कि एक 1m मोटी तांबे की दीवार 401 W / m 2 की दर से गर्मी का संचालन करेगीप्रति दीवार के क्षेत्र का अंतर दीवार के पार तापमान अंतर। चित्रा 2.3 सामान्य तापमान और दबाव में पदार्थ के विभिन्न राज्यों के लिए तापीय चालकता की सीमा को दर्शाता है। एक ठोस की ऊष्मीय चालकता, गैस की तुलना में चार गुना अधिक परिमाण की हो सकती है। यह प्रवृत्ति काफी हद तक दोनों राज्यों के बीच अंतर-संबंधी अंतर के कारण है।

ठोस राज्य

सामग्रियों के आधुनिक दृष्टिकोण में, एक ठोस में मुक्त इलेक्ट्रॉनों और एक आवधिक व्यवस्था में बाध्य परमाणुओं का समावेश हो सकता है जिसे जाली कहा जाता है। तदनुसार, थर्मल ऊर्जा का परिवहन दो प्रभावों के कारण होता है: मुक्त इलेक्ट्रॉनों का पलायन और जाली कंपन तरंगें। ये प्रभाव योगात्मक हैं, जैसे कि तापीय चालकता k , इलेक्ट्रॉनिक घटक k e और समरूप घटक k l का योग है

k = k e + k l

(2.7)

सामान्य तापमान और दबाव में विभिन्न राज्यों के लिए थर्मल चालकता की 2.3 रेंज चित्रा

k e विद्युत प्रतिरोधकता के व्युत्क्रमानुपाती होता है । शुद्ध धातुओं के लिए, जो कम के हैं , k e , k l की तुलना में बहुत बड़ा है । इसके विपरीत, मिश्र धातुओं के लिए, जो कि काफी बड़े होते हैं , k l से k का योगदान अब नगण्य नहीं है। गैर-धात्विक ठोस के लिए, k को मुख्य रूप से k l द्वारा निर्धारित किया जाता है , जो कि जाली के परमाणुओं के बीच परस्पर क्रिया की आवृत्ति पर निर्भर करता है। जाली व्यवस्था की नियमितता का k l पर महत्वपूर्ण प्रभाव पड़ता है , क्रिस्टलीय (सुव्यवस्थित) सामग्री की तरह, क्वार्ट्ज जैसी सामग्री में कांच जैसी अनाकार सामग्री की तुलना में अधिक ऊष्मीय चालकता होती है। वास्तव में, क्रिस्टलीय के लिए, गैर-धात्विक ठोस जैसे कि हीरा और बेरिलियम ऑक्साइड, k l काफी बड़े हो सकते हैं, जो कि अच्छे कंडक्टरों से जुड़े k के मूल्यों से अधिक होते हैं , जैसे कि एल्यूमीनियम।

इन्सुलेशन सिस्टम

थर्मल इंसुलेशन में कम तापीय चालकता वाली सामग्री शामिल होती है, जो एक कम प्रणाली वाली तापीय चालकता को प्राप्त करने के लिए संयुक्त होती है। फाइबर-, पाउडर-, फ्लेक-टाइप इंसुलेशन में, ठोस पदार्थ को पूरी तरह से एक एयर स्पेस में फैलाया जाता है। ऐसी प्रणालियों को एक प्रभावी तापीय चालकता की विशेषता होती है , जो ठोस पदार्थ की तापीय चालकता और सतह विकिरणकारी गुणों पर निर्भर करती है, साथ ही साथ हवा या शून्य स्थान की प्रकृति और मात्रात्मक अंश। प्रणाली का एक विशेष पैरामीटर इसकी थोक घनत्व (ठोस द्रव्यमान / कुल मात्रा) है, जो उस तरीके पर दृढ़ता से निर्भर करता है जिसमें ठोस सामग्री परस्पर जुड़ी हुई है।

द्रवित अवस्था

चूंकि इंटरमॉलिक्युलर स्पेसिंग बहुत बड़ी होती है और अणु की गति ठोस अवस्था की तुलना में द्रव अवस्था के लिए अधिक यादृच्छिक होती है, इसलिए थर्मल एनर्जी ट्रांसपोर्ट कम प्रभावी होता है। इसलिए गैसों और तरल पदार्थों की तापीय चालकता ठोस पदार्थों की तुलना में छोटी होती है।

ऊष्मीय विसरणशीलता

गर्मी हस्तांतरण समस्याओं के हमारे विश्लेषण में, पदार्थ के कई गुणों का उपयोग करना आवश्यक होगा। इन गुणों को आम तौर पर थर्मोफिजिकल गुणों के रूप में संदर्भित किया जाता है और इसमें दो अलग-अलग श्रेणियां, परिवहन और थर्मोडायनामिक गुण शामिल होते हैं। परिवहन गुणों में प्रसार दर गुणांक जैसे कि के, थर्मल चालकता (गर्मी हस्तांतरण के लिए), और , गतिज चिपचिपापन (गति हस्तांतरण के लिए) शामिल हैं। दूसरी ओर, थर्मोडायनामिक गुण, एक प्रणाली के संतुलन की स्थिति से संबंधित हैं। घनत्व ( ) और विशिष्ट ऊष्मा ( C p ) दो ऐसे गुण हैं जिनका उपयोग थर्मोडायनामिक विश्लेषण में बड़े पैमाने पर किया जाता है। उत्पाद सी पीआम तौर पर वॉल्यूमेट्रिक ताप क्षमता को कहा जाता है , जो थर्मल ऊर्जा को स्टोर करने के लिए एक सामग्री की क्षमता को मापता है। क्योंकि बड़े घनत्व के पदार्थों को आमतौर पर छोटे विशिष्ट हीट्स, कई ठोस और तरल पदार्थों की विशेषता होती है, जो कि बहुत अच्छा ऊर्जा भंडारण मीडिया है, इसमें तुलनीय ताप क्षमता होती है। हालांकि उनकी बहुत छोटी घनत्व के कारण, गैसें थर्मल ऊर्जा भंडारण के लिए खराब अनुकूल हैं।

ऊष्मा अंतरण विश्लेषण में, ऊष्मा चालकता के लिए तापीय चालकता का अनुपात एक महत्वपूर्ण गुण है जिसे तापीय विवर्तनशीलता कहा जाता है , जिसमें m 2 / s की इकाइयाँ होती हैं ।

(2.8)

यह तापीय ऊर्जा को संग्रहीत करने की क्षमता के सापेक्ष तापीय ऊर्जा का संचालन करने के लिए एक सामग्री की क्षमता को मापता है। बड़ी की सामग्री उनके थर्मल वातावरण में बदलाव के लिए जल्दी से प्रतिक्रिया देगी, जबकि छोटे की सामग्री अधिक सुस्त प्रतिक्रिया देगी, एक नई संतुलन स्थिति तक पहुंचने में अधिक समय लेगी।


Related Questions

How many grams of water can be heated 71 °C by the absorption of 970 Joules?

Answers

Answer:

m = 3.3 g

Explanation:

Hello!

In this case, since the specific heat of water is defined as 4.184 J(g*°C), given the temperature change and the absorbed energy, we can compute the mass of water as shown below:

[tex]Q=mC\Delta T\\\\m=\frac{Q}{C\Delta T}[/tex]

Thus, we plug in the given data to obtain:

[tex]m=\frac{970J}{4.184\frac{J}{g\°C}*71\°C}\\\\m= 3.3g[/tex]

Best regards!

How does removing thermal energy from liquid water affect the molecules in the water?

Answers

Answer:

For deposition to happen, thermal energy must be removed from the gas. ... As water vapor loses thermal energy, it changes into solid frost. States of Water. Water is the only substance that exists naturally as a solid, a liquid, and a gas within Earth's temperature range.

Explanation:

3) (Solid magnesium carbonate mixed in a solution of dilute hydrochloric acid. Assume the
specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.18 J/g°C. The enthalpy of the reaction is -23.4
kJ. If 1950 J of heat are released by this reaction, how many grams of Mgco, were
dissolved?

Answers

Answer: The mass of magnesium carbonate that will be dissolved in the reaction is 6.99 g.

Explanation:

We are given:

Amount of heat released = 1950 J = 1.950 kJ                 (Conversion factor: 1 kJ = 1000 J)

The chemical equation for the reaction of magnesium carbonate and hydrochloric acid follows:

[tex]MgCO_3+2HCl\rightarrow MgCl_2+H_2O+CO_2;\Delta H_{rxn}=-23.4kJ[/tex]

By Stoichiometry of the reaction:

If 23.4 kJ of heat is released, then 1 mole of magnesium carbonate is dissolved

So, when 1.950 kJ of heat is released, then = [tex]\frac{1mol}{23.4kJ}\times 1.950kJ=0.083mol[/tex] of magnesium carbonate is dissolved

To calculate the mass of the substance by given number of moles, we use the equation:

[tex]\text{Number of moles}=\frac{\text{Given mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}[/tex]

Moles of magnesium carbonate = 0.083 moles

Molar mass of magnesium carbonate = 84.3 g/mol

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]0.083mol=\frac{\text{Mass of magnesium carbonate}}{84.3g/mol}\\\\\text{Mass of magnesium carbonate}=0.083mol\times 84.3g/mol=6.99g[/tex]

Hence, the mass of magnesium carbonate that will be dissolved in the reaction is 6.99 g.

What is an example
Of a compound that contains a fluorine. Write the symbols for the chemical formula, and give the name.

Answers

Answer:

NaF sodium flouride

Explanation:

15. transition metals has ____ valence electrons

Answers

2 valence electrons

Explanation:

Most transition metals have 2 valence electrons. Valence electrons are the sum total of all the electrons in the highest energy level (principal quantum number n). Most transition metals have an electron configuration that is ns2(n−1)d , so those ns2 electrons are the valence electrons.

Answers: A-5N B-6N C-7N D-8N

Answers

Answer:

A-5N B-6N C-7N D-8N

Explanation:

i hope it helps ;)

Which of the following elements belong to the same pair?
A. Na and CI
B. Na and Li
C. Na and Cu
D. Na and Ne

Answers

Answer:

B. Na and Li

Both are group I elements.

In the photosynthetic reaction, which event normally occurs before the other three?
A) oxygen release
B) water absorption
C) PGAL synthesis
D) glucose formation

Answers

It would be C pretty sure

Which of the following choices about teenagers and sex is true?

a. Over half of teenagers have sexual intercourse.

b. Teenagers who have sexual intercourse are more likely to use protection.

c. Teenage sex is more likely to involve coercion.

d. All of the choices are correct.

Answers

Answer:

D

Explanation:

.........................

All of the above so d.
Hope this helpss


Identify an element on the periodic table that is chemically similar to neon(Ne).

Answers

ANSWER

Elements that are similar to neon is helium, and argon

Hope its right if not so advance sorry :)

Answer:

He

Explanation:

plato

A 0.02 molar solution of sodium chloride contains 0.1 mole of solute. What is the volume of the solution

Answers

Answer:

Volume of solution = 5 L

Explanation:

Given data:

Molarity of solution = 0.02 M

Moles of solute = 0.1 mol

Volume of solution = ?

Solution:

Molarity is used to describe the concentration of solution. It tells how many moles are dissolve in per litter of solution.

Formula:

Molarity = number of moles of solute / L of solution

by putting values,

0.02 M = 0.1 mol / volume of solution

Volume of solution = 0.1 mol / 0.02 M

Volume of solution = 5 L

Aqueous hydrobromic acid HBr will react with solid sodium hydroxide NaOH to produce aqueous sodium bromide NaBr and liquid water H2O. Suppose 4.05 g of hydrobromic acid is mixed with 2.6 g of sodium hydroxide. Calculate the maximum mass of water that could be produced by the chemical reaction. Round your answer to 3 significant digits.

Answers

Answer:

.70 g of water will be formed.

Explanation:

NaOH    +   HBr  =   NaBr  +  H₂O

 40 g        103 g                    18 g

40 g of sodium hydroxide reacts with 103 g of HBr

2.6 g of sodium hydroxide reacts with 103 x 2.6 / 40 = 6.7 g of HBr

4.05 g of HBr is available so HBr is limiting reagent .

103 g of HBr reacts with  NaOH  to form 18 g of water

4.05  g of HBr  reacts with  NaOH  to form 18 x 4.05  / 103 g

= .70 g of water will be formed.

How does atomic mass relate to the mole?


A: Atomic mass can be used to calculate the molar mass of a sample of a compound or element. The molar mass explains the number of particles in a single mole of the sample. Thus, the molar mass derived from the atomic masses of elements in the compound can be used to convert quantified amounts of a compound into moles.


B: Atomic mass can be used to calculate Avogadro’s number of a sample of a compound or element. Avogadro’s number explains the number of grams in a single mole of the sample. Thus, Avogadro’s number that is derived from the atomic masses of elements in the compound can be used to convert quantified masses into moles of the compound.


C: Atomic mass can be used to calculate Avogadro’s number of a sample of a compound or element. Avogadro’s number explains the number of particles in a single mole of the sample. Thus, Avogadro’s number, derived from the atomic masses of elements in the compound, can be used to convert quantified amounts of a compound into moles.


D: Atomic mass can be used to calculate the molar mass of a sample of a compound or element. The molar mass explains the number of grams in a single mole of the sample. Thus, the molar mass derived from the atomic masses of elements in the compound can be used to convert quantified masses into moles of the compound.

Answers

d. atomic mass can be used to calculate the molar of a sample...

Which argument best explains the charge of an atomic nucleus? NEED HELP!!!!!!!
A. An atomic nucleus is positively charged because it is composed of neutrons.
B. An atomic nucleus is positively charged because it is composed of protons.
C. An atomic nucleus is negatively charged because it is composed of electrons.
D. An atomic nucleus is negatively charged because it is composed of neutrons.

Answers

Answer:

A. An atomic nucleus is positively charged because it is composed of neutrons.

Explanation:

Which of the following molecules are isomers? Please look at the picture for reference​

Answers

Answer:

d

Explanation:

Isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula(the same number of each atom), but different structural formulas

in this case both have the formula C2H5O

C2ho5 and h20 the answer

What is the molecular geometry of CO2?

Answers

Answer:

Tetrahedral

And can u give me the brainlist I only need one to get a higher rank and thank u

State the relationship between phase changes and heat energy.
In complete sentences

Answers

Changes in phase from solid to liquid (melting) and from liquid to gas (boiling) require energy. When solid ice melts and becomes a liquid, the particles of the substance move farther apart and heat energy is gained. When water boils, if forms steam (a gas).

Answer:

heat changes energy is by the sun

the sun gives off energy

Please Help For Brainliest

Answers

Answer: what IS THAT bro what grade are you in

Explanation:

how does the density of an object help scientist understand the natural world​

Answers

Densities are mostly used to identify substances and to characterize and estimate the composition of many kinds of mixtures.

PLEASE HELP TIMED !!
question 1- draw a lewis dot diagram of O on a piece of paper. how many total electrons did you draw?

question 2- draw a lewis dot diagram of O on a piece of paper. how many Pairs of electrons did you draw?

question 3- draw a lewis dot diagram of Cl on a piece of paper. how many total electrons did you draw?

Answers

Answer:

See explanation

Explanation:

The Lewis dot structure is a representation of atoms in which the valence electrons on the atoms are shown as dots. Each dot represents a valence electron on the outermost shell of the atom.

Oxygen has six electrons on its outermost shell four of which are two lone pairs. Also, chlorine has seven electrons in its outermost shell. Six of these are lone pairs.

Silver has a resistance of 0.0198 ohms. What voltage would produce a current of 100 amps? ______________

Answers

The voltage that would produce the given current is 1.98 V.

Ohm's law

The voltage that would produce the given current can be determined by applying Ohm's law as shown below;

V = IR

where;

V is the voltage I is the currentR is the resistance

V = 100 x 0.0198

V = 1.98 V

Thus, the voltage that would produce the given current is 1.98 V.

Learn more about Ohm's law here: https://brainly.com/question/231741

Useful:
Harmful:
2. Give an example of how Bacteria can be useful and harmful to man.​

Answers

Answer:

normal flora useful

Explanation:

protect the skin

The density of a certain type of plastic is 0.80g/cm. If a sheet of this plastic is 10.0 m long, 1.0 m wide, and 1 cm thick, what is its mass? Enter your answer in scientific notation.

Answers

Answer:

m = 8.0×10⁴ g

Explanation:

Given data:

Density of plastic = 0.80 g/cm³

Dimensions of plastic sheet = 1.0 m × 10.0 m ×1 cm

Mass of sheet = ?

Solution:

First of all we will convert the length and width into cm.

length = 10.0 ×100 = 1000 cm

width = 1.0 ×100 = 100 cm

Volume = 1000 cm × 100 cm × 1 cm

Volume = 100000 cm³

Mass of sheet:

D = m/v

0.80 g/cm³ = m / 100000 cm³

m = 0.80 g/cm³ × 100000 cm³

m = 80,000 g

m = 8.0×10⁴ g

true or false
In order to calculate the relative formula mass for any compound, we sum up the products of atoms of elements multiplied by their relative atomic mass.

Answers

Answer:

TRUE

Explanation:

THE ANSWER IS TRUE

HOPE IT HELPS

What is the concentration of a solution if 2.0 moles of sodium chloride is dissolved in 0.50 liter of water

Answers

The answer is 4.0M i think

4 M is the concentration of a solution if 2.0 moles of sodium chloride is dissolved in 0.50 liter of water.

What is molarity?

Molarity is define as the no. of moles of solute present in per liter of solution i.e. M = n / V.

We can calculate the concentration in terms of molarity, in the question given that :

n = no. of moles of NaCl = 2 moles

V = volume of water = 0.50 L

On putting these values in the above equation, we get

M = 2 / 0.50 = 4M

Hence, 4 M is the concentration of the given solution.

To know more about molarity, visit the below link:

https://brainly.com/question/14469428

Which of the following options correctly balances the equation below? __HNO2 + __O2 --> __HNO3

Answers

Answer:

2HNO2 + O2 ------> 2HNO3

Explanation:

What's the theoretical yield if 5.50 g.of Hydrogen react with nitrogen to from amonia? 3H2+N2=2NH3​

Answers

The theoretical yield : 31.11 g

Further explanation

Given

Reaction

3H2+N2=2NH3​

Required

the theoretical yield

Solution

mol of Hydrogen :

mol = mass : Ar

mol = 5.5 g : 2

mol = 2.75

mol of Ammonia :

From the equation, mol ratio of H₂ : NH₃ = 3 : 2, so mol NH₃ =

[tex]\tt \dfrac{2}{3}\times 2.75=1.83[/tex]

Mass Ammonia (MW=17 g/mol):

mass =mol x MW

mass = 1.83 x 17

mass= 31.11 g

HURRY PLEASE!!
You see different colors because white light breaks into different ____
(science 8th grade )

Answers

Answer:

you see different colors because white light breaks into its different component colors - red, orange, yellow, green, blue and Violet.

The dispersion of visible light into its different colors is known as dispersion

hope it helps you

Zinc + Hydrogen Chloride
What is proof of a chemical reaction?

Answers

Answer:

produces bubbles and hydrogen gas

The  proof of a chemical reaction of Zinc + Hydrogen Chloride is that after reaction it produces the hydrogen gas as white fumes.

What is a chemical reaction?

When two reactants react in a reaction to form any product which can also be two or three and have some bi-product in the form of fumes or precipitate or any change in color so that we can conclude the results about the reaction.

In chemical reaction of Zinc + Hydrogen Chloride the producta are the zinc chloride and produces the white fumes of hydrogen gas which is a bi-product.

Therefore, it produces the hydrogen gas as white fumes is  proof of a chemical reaction of Zinc + Hydrogen Chloride is that after reaction.

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